Cel animation is the most familiar type of animation, but a good animator can bring clay models, sand, paper, puppets or pins to life. Shapes or figures are cut out and photographed against a backlight for silhouette animation or arranged and shot from above to create collage animation. A more three-dimensional effect can be achieved by using stop-motion photography to animate models or clay.

In the two types of animation called "time-lapse photography" and "pixilation," a camera is set to snap one frame at regular intervals. Time-lapse compresses time, reducing the blooming of a flower, for instance, to a few seconds of screen time. Pixilation works in a similar manner, but with actors performing in real time. When the film is played back, the action appears jerky, something like an old silent movie when it is projected at sound speed.

Animated films can also be made by drawing or scratching directly on the film, painting scenes on glass, moving thousands of wire-thin black pins on a white pinboard or even by using the photocopying machine.

No matter what the material, each step of an animated film is worked out beforehand on a storyboard, which is simply a film in outline form, using sketches, small drawings and captions. Since every second of a typical animated film involves 12 to 24 changes (over 50,000 visuals for a 70-minute film), it is too expensive and time-consuming to complete an entire animation sequence and then scrap it. Even if the animator is not telling a story but has an abstract design in mind, he or she plans in detail the progression of images and how they can be combined to achieve the desired effect on the audience. The storyboard is an indispensable tool for the animator and is revised often.

Comic strips, with their captions, close-ups and long-shots and visual storytelling techniques, are similar to storyboards and can help your students understand the format. Encourage them to study comic strips or graphic novels to learn the components of visual storytelling. Discuss the way pacing, dialogue, color, line, shape and composition create moods and emotion and consider the way movement is depicted in a still drawing. Then have students storyboard the key moments in a sequence from one of their own stories or from a selected animated film, using some of the techniques they have studied.

Supplementary Activity:
Show students a sequence or short film made without the use of cels. Some suggestions from the list at the beginning of this teacher's guide are Crac! (pastel-on-paper drawings), Closed Mondays, Creature Comforts, A Close Shave, and Chicken Run (all four done in clay), The Street (washes of watercolor and ink), The Sand Castle (sand), Mindscape (pinboard), Neighbours (pixilation) and Pas de Deux (optical printing). Have them create a short animated film using an alternative medium like one of the above or by using puppets, dolls, silhouettes, shadows or construction paper.